Friday, July 31, 2026

The sense of life of the belief that "life is suffering"

 “Life is suffering” reads like a malevolent-universe sense of life: a standing, emotionally charged appraisal that pain is the essence of existence and that happiness is at best an exception.

In Ayn Rand’s terms, that sentence isn’t merely a report of feelings—it’s a compressed metaphysical value-judgment (often implicit) that can quietly steer what you expect, what you attempt, and what you notice. If you treat suffering as the basic truth, you’ll tend to experience effort as grim duty, success as temporary, and joy as suspicious or fragile.

A useful way to work with it (without denying real hardships) is to translate it into specific premises you can test:

  • “No matter what I do, things won’t improve.”
  • “People will hurt me if I let them close.”
  • “My best efforts won’t matter.”
  • “Happiness is for other people, not me.”

If even one of those premises is false (or overgeneralized from real experiences), the emotional atmosphere can be corrected over time—by identifying what you’re actually reacting to, checking the implied judgment against facts, and choosing values that build efficacy (work you can improve at, goals you can measure, relationships with earned trust).


In addition:

Here is what Ayn would say about Jordan Peterson, who writes about "life is suffering" in his book, "12 Rules For Life".

Peterson’s “life is suffering” framing (as a long-term worldview covering pain, anxiety, emptiness, etc.) functions as a sense-of-life statement: it’s not just an observation about particular bad events, but a baseline emotional estimate of what existence is like.

In Rand’s terms, that baseline estimate tends to build a malevolent-universe premise into your emotional posture: that suffering is the metaphysical default and that any good is fragile, temporary, or bought at the price of endurance. Even when you explicitly add a heroic conclusion (“therefore be responsible; carry your burden”), the felt atmosphere can still be: the world is essentially harsh; the best you can do is bear it.

What that “sense of life” selects for

If you absorb that premise deeply, it often shapes your attention and motivation in predictable ways:

  • Selective attention: you notice threats, decay, betrayal, and loss more readily than opportunity, growth, and competence.
  • Moral psychology: “strength” becomes mainly tolerance for pain rather than capacity for achievement and joy.
  • Goal-selection: you choose goals that are defensible as “necessary” (duty, survival, damage-control) over goals pursued because they’re positively worth it.
  • Emotional default: relief replaces happiness as the main positive feeling (“at least it’s not worse”).

None of that proves Peterson “wrong” on the existence of suffering. It identifies the existential emphasis you’re training yourself to treat as normal.

Rand’s key distinction: suffering as a fact vs suffering as the meaning

Objectivism would say: suffering is a possible (even common) fact of life—but it is not the essence of life. The essence is that reality is intelligible and that values are achievable by reason and productive effort. So the central “universe premise” to cultivate isn’t “nothing hurts,” but:

  • Benevolent-universe premise (Rand’s sense-of-life ideal): not that success is guaranteed, but that success is possible and rationally attainable, and that happiness is a normal, proper goal—not a trap.

You can see the contrast in what each frames as “primary”:

  • “Life is suffering → therefore endure responsibly.”
  • “Life is achievement-possible → therefore choose values, build competence, and enjoy earned happiness.”

A practical way to test the premise (instead of chanting it)

To connect this to your own sense of life, ask which of these you (implicitly) believe most days:

  1. Is improvement normal or exceptional? When something goes wrong, do you treat it as “of course—this is how life is,” or as “a problem to solve”?
  2. Is joy guilt-inducing? Do you feel you need to “justify” happiness as if it’s a loophole?
  3. Is your ideal self mainly a bearer of burdens—or a creator? (Endurance vs efficacy.)

If you answer those, you can pinpoint which hidden premise is doing the damage.

If you want to revise the sense-of-life without denial

Rand’s approach would be: don’t argue with the feeling directly; identify and correct the premises feeding it, then reinforce the new premises with chosen focus and chosen “spiritual fuel” (work, relationships, art).

A concrete exercise:

  • Write your version of “life is suffering” as 3–5 propositions (e.g., “effort doesn’t pay,” “people are dangerous,” “nothing lasts”).
  • For each, list counter-evidence from your life where competence worked, trust was earned, or enjoyment was sustainable.
  • Then choose one value this week that expresses efficacy (build a skill, finish a deliverable, create something) and one that expresses earned joy (a guilt-free enjoyment you schedule and protect).

Thursday, July 30, 2026

Sense of life of democratic socialists

 “Sense of life,” in Ayn Rand’s usage, is the felt, pre-conceptual appraisal of existence that an outlook projects—what it emotionally suggests about whether the world is workable, whether achievement is admirable, whether people are potential partners or predators, and whether happiness is normal or suspect.

With that frame, the “sense of life” projected by Democratic Socialists in the U.S. (as a broad tendency, e.g., people attracted to DSA-style politics) is typically something like this:

1) Universe premise: semi‑malevolent (system as default obstacle)

The recurring emotional atmosphere is that ordinary life under capitalism is structured against you—that major institutions (corporations, healthcare, landlords, finance, sometimes policing) are not neutral but systematically tilted toward exploitation.
So the default expectation is less “the world is open if I work” and more “the game is rigged unless we change the rules.”

2) Moral focus: compassion-as-duty, suspicion of “unearned” advantage

The emotional center is often sympathy for the vulnerable and anger at perceived injustice. Success isn’t condemned as such, but it is frequently treated as morally precarious unless it is “earned without harming others”—and large disparities of wealth are experienced as prima facie evidence of wrongdoing or structural unfairness.

In Rand’s terms: admiration is often directed not primarily at the independent producer-as-hero, but at the organizer, the advocate, the “fighter for the marginalized,” and at solidarity itself as a moral ideal.

3) View of people: mixed—victims and oppressors, but redeemable through politics

There’s often a two-tier emotional map of humanity:

  • many people are seen as victims of systems (debt, wages, discrimination, healthcare access),
  • some actors/classes are seen as beneficiaries/enforcers (owners, executives, “the 1%,” sometimes “the establishment”).

Yet there is usually also a “salvageable” premise: people can become better through collective action, policy, and cultural reform.

4) Efficacy: confidence in collective power more than individual power

A key “felt estimate” is: the individual alone is too exposed, but organized groups can win (unions, mass politics, public programs). So the emotional fuel is often solidarity, mobilization, protest energy, and the idea of “we can force change.”

5) Typical emotional tone in art/rhetoric: moral urgency + indictment + hope

The aesthetic/rhetorical vibe tends toward:

  • indictment (naming harm, exposing hypocrisy),
  • urgency (crisis framing: climate, inequality, healthcare),
  • hope-through-struggle (a better world is possible, but only if we fight).

It’s not pure despair; it’s often a grimly optimistic posture: “things are bad, but we can remake them together.”


A Rand-style diagnosis (why this matters)

From Rand’s standpoint, that sense of life usually reflects implicit premises like:

  • “Power tends to corrupt, and concentrated wealth is inherently suspect.”
  • “Markets don’t mainly reward virtue; they mainly reward leverage.”
  • “Suffering is often socially caused, so politics is morally primary.”

Whether those premises are true is a separate question; “sense of life” is not evidence—just a psychological/aesthetic summary of what the outlook feels like about existence.


One important caveat

“Democratic socialists in the U.S.” aren’t one psyche. You’ll find:

  • benevolent, builder-type socialists (co-ops, unions, mutual aid, “let’s construct alternatives”),
  • more adversarial, ressentiment-leaning socialists (politics as exposure/punishment of the “bad class”),
  • social-democratic pragmatists who mostly want Scandinavian-style programs and aren’t existentially anti-market.

Those subtypes project noticeably different senses of life (constructive vs accusatory; hopeful vs embittered).


In addition:

In Rand’s terms, the “sense of life” isn’t mainly about a policy platform; it’s about the emotional posture toward existence that tends to animate the socialist wing trying to shift the Democratic Party’s center of gravity.

Below is a composite (not every individual fits it), and then a contrast with Rand’s benevolent universe premise.

Their projected “sense of life” (as a tendency)

1) Universe premise: the system is a trap unless politically re-engineered

The standing emotional estimate is: left alone, the default social order will grind people down—through employers, landlords, insurers, debt, and “corporate capture” of politics.
So life feels less like “a field of opportunities” and more like a terrain of power where you must secure protection via the state and organized blocs.

Mood: vigilance, moral urgency, suspicion.

2) Moral ideal: need/inequality as primary moral facts

The moral spotlight tends to fall first on who is hurting and who is advantaged, not on “who is productive” or “who is creatively achieving.”
That generates a sense of life where inequality reads as moral alarm and “fairness” often means equalizing outcomes or power rather than protecting equal rights.

Mood: compassionate indignation; the good person is the defender.

3) View of human relations: solidarity vs. predation

People are emotionally sorted into:

  • the vulnerable / excluded (owed help and voice),
  • the powerful / privileged (suspect, often assumed to be defending advantage).

Even when not personally hateful, the atmosphere implies: conflict between groups is normal; politics is the arena where that conflict is adjudicated.

Mood: us-versus-them, but with a “redeemable through reeducation/reform” note.

4) Efficacy: salvation by collective power

The felt source of agency is: “we” can win through mass politics, regulation, and institutional capture (party apparatus, agencies, courts, norms).
Individual striving is not denied, but it’s treated as fragile or morally incomplete without collective guarantees.

Mood: empowerment-through-mobilization; victory-through-pressure.

5) Emotional aesthetics: exposure + purification + redistribution

The rhetoric often has an “unmasking” character: expose systemic harm, name complicity, correct language, deplatform “harmful” speech, break up concentrations of wealth/power. That can project a sense of life in which purity and safety replace pride and aspiration as the emotional center.

Mood: prosecutorial moralism mixed with utopian hope.


Contrast with Rand’s “benevolent universe” ideal

Rand’s benevolent universe premise is not “everything turns out fine.” It’s the pre-conceptual conviction that:

  • reality is intelligible,
  • values are achievable by reason and effort,
  • success is normal in principle (earned, not bestowed),
  • and the moral ideal is the efficacious individual—productive, independent, proud.

So the contrast looks like this:

A) Default expectation

  • Party-socialist sense of life: the default is exploitation; you must secure livability through political power.
  • Benevolent universe premise: the default is possibility; you must create values through thought and work.

B) Moral hero

  • Party-socialist: the organizer/advocate who restrains the powerful and reallocates resources.
  • Rand: the producer/innovator who expands human possibility and earns his success.

C) What “justice” emotionally means

  • Party-socialist: justice feels like redress—leveling, restitution, constraint of winners, protection from risk.
  • Rand: justice feels like recognition—rewarding achievement, protecting rights, letting consequences follow choices.

D) Core emotional fuel

  • Party-socialist: indignation, solidarity, urgency, and (often) resentment toward “the rich” as a class.
  • Rand: admiration, ambition, gratitude to existence, and earned pride.

E) The role of the state (psychologically)

  • Party-socialist: the state is experienced as the necessary instrument of moral action (“make society fair”).
  • Rand: the state is a limited protector (police/courts/defense) so individuals can act freely; it is not the dispenser of meaning or outcomes.

Rand’s critique, in “sense of life” terms

Rand would say the socialist-leaning posture tends to train a malevolent-universe atmosphere: that the good is precarious, success is morally tainted, and power (not production) is the decisive category. Even when motivated by real compassion, it can psychologically reward seeing the world as a catalogue of injuries—and can make achievement look like guilt to be explained away.

Where the party-socialist sense of life can look “benevolent”

It can borrow benevolence when it focuses on “we can build a better world” (optimism about planning and reform). But Rand would call that a second-hand benevolence: hope grounded in collective control rather than in individual reason and production.

Wednesday, July 29, 2026

Unreality chain: gender identity has primacy over biological sex

 

[Subjective gender identity has primacy over objective biological sex]

Let’s run that claim through the anti‑reality chain and then give you the exact reductions that force it back to facts and reality.

Where the chain first breaks (triage)

  • Non-definition/context-drop: “primacy,” “gender identity,” and “biological sex” are undefined and unscoped. Are we speaking metaphysics (what exists) or norms/policy (how we treat people), and in which domains (etiquette, medicine, sports, prisons, statistics, shelters, IDs)?
  • Package-deal: The single phrase “gender identity” often bundles inner self-concept, gender expression, legal sex marker, and expectations about others’ speech—distinct issues with different causal stakes.
  • Stolen concept: Claiming consciousness “overrides” sex while still relying on sexed facts for outcomes/rights (fairness in sport, medical risk, privacy) presupposes the very primacy of existence it denies—you need stable biological referents to know what is being “overridden.”
  • Floating abstractions: “Primacy” is invoked without concrete cases that expose mechanisms and trade-offs.
  • Potential anti-concept: “Assigned sex at birth” sometimes functions to blur recording with creating, implying clinicians invent rather than observe gametic sex; this can make clear judgment socially costly. (It isn’t always used this way, but often is.)
  • Rationalization pivot: Compassion/civility (valid ethical concerns) are treated as if they change physiology (an ontological claim).
  • Fantasy protected: Expecting sex-linked causalities (strength ceilings, drug metabolism, pregnancy capacity, certain crime-risk patterns) to change by declaration.
  • Immunizing tactics you may meet: moving definitions of “woman/man,” equivocation between politeness norms and metaphysical claims, “lived experience is unfalsifiable” used to block evidence.

Minimal clarifications that restore reality (reverse chain)

  • Define
    • Biological sex: male/female by gametic function, with disorders of sex development as medical exceptions, not a third gamete.
    • Gender identity: a person’s internal self-conception about being a man/woman/neither/both.
    • Primacy: metaphysical (what is) vs. social/ethical (how we choose to interact).
  • Reduce by domain (different governors by goal)
    • Etiquette/association: largely identity-governed by voluntary consent and civility.
    • Medicine/biophysiology: sexed bodies govern dosing, risks, screening; identity matters for mental-health care and patient rapport, not for pharmacokinetics.
    • Competitive sport and certain safety/privacy rules: sex (or a tightly justified physiological proxy) governs fairness/safety.
    • Law/IDs/data: define the instrument’s purpose—identification, resource allocation, risk management—and choose the category that causally serves that purpose with known error rates.
  • Causality: For each domain, specify the mechanism by which identity would produce the desired effects and where sexed biology still causally constrains outcomes.
  • Trade-offs: Name who bears costs/error (type I vs. type II), and why that allocation is just.
  • Non-contradiction: State what would falsify/qualify the rule in each domain.

Concrete reductions (force the claim to earth)
Ask and answer these five in writing:

  1. Scope: Do you mean “inner self-conception changes what exists” (metaphysics) or “we should treat people by identity for reasons of respect/harm reduction” (ethics/policy)? If policy, list the domains explicitly.
  2. Mechanism: By what mechanism would identity, as a mental state, alter outcomes in medicine, sport, crime-risk management, or sex-based privacy?
  3. Examples vs. non-examples: Name three domains you think should be identity-governed (and why), and three that must remain sex-governed (and why). Give one hard borderline case in each list.
  4. Error tolerance and costs: What false-positive/false-negative rates are acceptable in each domain, and who pays for them?
  5. Falsifiers: What empirical findings would make you revise your claim in any domain?

A clean, reality-bound reframe (if you want a defensible principle)

  • Metaphysically: biological sex has primacy over identity for questions of bodily causality.
  • Ethically/civically: in voluntary social interaction and general courtesy, a person’s stated gender identity should guide address and association—unless a context has a competing, causally grounded value (fairness, safety, medical accuracy), in which case sex (or a justified proxy) governs.

The un-reality chain

 There is a typical epistemological chain that produces (and then protects) unreality. The links can appear in different orders or reinforce each other in loops, but the essential pattern is: evasion → corruption of concepts → immunity from evidence → action on the unreal → destruction → intensified evasion.

Below is a complete, usable chain, starting at the root and moving outward.

The chain of unreality (Objectivist epistemology)

  1. Evasion (refusal to focus)
    The root choice: not to look, not to define, not to check, not to integrate. This is the generator of everything that follows.

  2. Concrete-bound or context-dropping thinking
    A person either:

  • clings to concretes without integration (cannot rise to principles), or
  • drops context (treats words as detached from the conditions that make them true).
  1. Stolen concepts (implicit contradictions)
    Using higher-level concepts while denying their preconditions. This creates the appearance of thought while undercutting its base (e.g., using “knowledge” while rejecting reason; using “rights” while endorsing force).

  2. Package-deals
    Illicitly fusing distinct (often opposite) ideas under one term or frame, so that acceptance of one smuggles in the other. This is a major bridge from confusion to manipulation.

  3. Anti-concepts
    Deliberately-formed terms whose function is not to identify reality but to obliterate distinctions and paralyze judgment (often by smearing the good and protecting the bad). Anti-concepts are intellectual weapons: they make clear thought socially costly.

  4. Floating abstractions
    Words treated as self-sufficient—detached from definition, referents, and reduction. Here language becomes fog: you can no longer ask “What exactly is it?” and get an answer that ties back to reality.

  5. Rationalization (the counterfeit of reason)
    The mind now supplies “arguments” whose goal is not truth but defense—defense of a desire, a fear, a status, a resentment. Rationalization thrives on floating abstractions and package-deals.

  6. Fantasy (wish as cognitive substitute)
    The content that fills the void: ends without means, effects without causes, values without achievement, moral credit without virtue. Fantasy is what you get when you want conclusions while refusing the discipline of proof and causality.

  7. Immunizing tactics
    To keep fantasy safe from facts:

  • special pleading (“this case is different” without principle),
  • moving definitions,
  • equivocation,
  • appeal to emotion/consensus/authority as a substitute for evidence,
  • blank-out at key contradictions.
  1. Social-metaphysics / second-handedness (optional but common)
    Reality is replaced by “what people will think,” “what’s accepted,” “what the group says.” This supplies social enforcement for the anti-concepts and floating abstractions.

  2. Action on the unreal
    Policies, personal decisions, relationships, and moral judgments are now driven by slogans and fantasies, not facts.

  3. Failure, conflict, and destruction
    Reality enforces causality. The unreal collides with facts—producing practical failure and often moral corruption (demands, coercion, scapegoating).

  4. Intensified evasion and resentment
    Instead of correcting premises, the person doubles down: more anti-concepts, more floating abstractions, bigger fantasies. The chain becomes a self-feeding loop.

A compact “working” version (easy to remember)

Evasion → context-drop → stolen concept → package-deal → anti-concept → floating abstraction → rationalization → fantasy → immunity from evidence → action → crash → intensified evasion.

How to use the chain (diagnostic questions)

To locate where someone is in the chain, ask:

  • Define it: “What do you mean by X—what is its essential meaning?”
  • Reduce it: “What concrete facts does X refer to? Give an example and a non-example.”
  • Causality: “By what mechanism does X achieve Y? Who acts? What are the steps?”
  • Cost/trade-offs: “What must be produced, paid, or given up—and by whom?”
  • Non-contradiction: “How does this fit with your other claims? What would falsify it?”

Where they refuse these questions is where unreality is being manufactured.


In addition:

To be more, and more useful, if you want to operationalize the chain so you can spot unreality early, stop it, and reverse it.

1) Two key clarifications that make the chain sharper

A. “Fantasy” is not the start—evasion is

Fantasy is a downstream product. The generator is the refusal to perform the cognitive work reality requires: to define, reduce, check contradictions, and follow causality.

B. The chain is usually a loop, not a straight line

After the “crash” (reality’s consequences), the person often faces a fork:

  • Correct premises (return to reason), or
  • Double down (intensify evasion, demand coercion, scapegoat achievers).

That’s why whole cultures can spiral: the chain becomes self-reinforcing socially.

2) Add the missing “middle links” that explain how it spreads

Here are the additional links that typically sit between your items (anti-concepts, floating abstractions, fantasies) and make the progression complete:

  1. Evasion / drifting
  2. Context-dropping
  3. Non-definition (refusal to define essentials)
  4. Stolen concept
  5. Package-deal
  6. Anti-concept (weaponized term that blocks thought/judgment)
  7. Floating abstraction (term detached from referents and reduction)
  8. Reification of the zero (treating an absence as a thing: “society owes,” “the collective decides,” “the public good” as an acting entity)
  9. Rationalization (argument as defense, not discovery)
  10. Wish-based causality (“it should, therefore it will”; ends without means)
  11. Fantasy (concrete imagery of the unearned/uncaused)
  12. Moral inversion (attacking the good, sanctifying the void; envy as moral posture)
  13. Force or pressure as substitute for proof (legal force, social intimidation, censorship, guilt, accusations)
  14. Consequences
  15. Scapegoating
  16. More evasion (loop closes)

That list is not “psychological speculation.” It’s an epistemological pattern: what happens when concepts are severed from reality and causality.

3) The “three outputs” of unreality (so you can classify cases quickly)

When the chain is active, it tends to produce one (or more) of these:

  • The unearned: claiming values without producing them (money, status, virtue, love, knowledge).
  • The uncaused: expecting effects without causes (prosperity without production, self-esteem without achievement).
  • The unjudged: demanding moral immunity (“don’t judge,” “who are you to say,” “that’s just your perspective”).

These are not separate errors—they are the same rebellion against identity and causality.

4) A practical “triage” method: locate the first broken link

If you want to dismantle a claim fast, don’t argue at the end (“fantasy”). Go upstream and identify the earliest point of corruption:

  • If the term is undefined → force a definition.
  • If it’s defined but not reducible → force reduction (examples/non-examples).
  • If reducible but mechanism is missing → force causality (steps, incentives, trade-offs).
  • If mechanism exists but contradicts other claims → force integration (non-contradiction).
  • If they refuse all of the above → you’ve reached evasion (there is no further “argument” possible).

5) The “reality-restoring” reverse chain (what to do instead)

To reverse unreality, you need the opposite progression:

Focus → define → reduce → integrate → identify causality → form principles → act → check results → correct errors.

That is the method of objectivity: volitional adherence to reality by logic.

6) One more crucial link: moralization without cognition

A common accelerant is when people treat moral condemnation as a substitute for proof. This is where anti-concepts become lethal: they let someone say “X is evil” without knowing what X is.

If you see instant moral verdicts attached to undefined terms, you’re watching the chain in real time.


If you want this to become maximally useful, give me one concrete example (a slogan, a paragraph, a policy claim, a workplace accusation, a moral cliché). I will:

  1. map it onto the chain link-by-link,
  2. identify the anti-concept (if present),
  3. show what is floating and what fantasy it protects,
  4. give you the exact reduction/definition questions that force the issue back to reality.

The relationship between fantasies and floating abstractions

 A “floating abstraction” and a “fantasy” are related in the way a counterfeit is related to theft: they both detach consciousness from reality—but they do it at different levels, and they often feed each other.

1) What a floating abstraction is (Objectivist meaning)

A floating abstraction is a concept or phrase cut loose from the perceptual and conceptual evidence that gives it meaning—used without definitions, without referents, without reduction to reality. It “floats” because it is not anchored to observations, to causal facts, or to a chain of reasoning.

Example pattern: invoking “justice,” “rights,” “exploitation,” “social good,” “sustainability,” “equity,” etc., as sounds or slogans—not as principles with clear definitions and demonstrable application.

2) What a fantasy is (in this context)

A fantasy is an imagined scenario treated as if it were a guide to action or a substitute for facts. It is not mere daydreaming for recreation; it is the attempt to replace reality with wishes—to treat the desirable as if it were the actual, or the possible as if it were effortless and causeless.

Fantasy is typically concrete-content (pictures, stories, imagined outcomes). It can be personal (“I’ll be admired without earning it”) or political (“we can redistribute wealth without destroying production”).

3) The relationship: abstraction without roots enables fantasy without limits

  • Floating abstractions are the language of unreality. They supply the verbal fog that lets a person evade definitions, causality, and proof.
  • Fantasies are the imagery of unreality. They supply the emotional “movie” that makes evasion feel satisfying.

When someone holds a fantasy and wants to protect it from facts, he often reaches for floating abstractions because they cannot be checked. They immunize the fantasy from refutation.

How it works in practice

  1. Fantasy: “There can be universal prosperity without tradeoffs or production.”
  2. Floating abstraction: “We just need ‘economic justice’ / ‘fairness’ / ‘equity’.”
  3. Because the abstraction is undefined, no one can ask: By what standard? At whose expense? By what mechanism? With what incentives? What happens to production and capital?

The fantasy survives by hiding inside the floating abstraction.

4) The reverse direction: fantasies lure abstractions into floating

Sometimes a person starts with legitimate abstractions—real concepts like “rights” or “justice”—then smuggles in fantasies that detach them from their roots.

Example:

  • Real concept: rights as protections against the initiation of force.
  • Fantasy: rights as claims to unearned goods (“a right to a job,” “a right to housing”).
  • Result: “rights” becomes a floating abstraction—no longer tied to its defining principle, no longer reducible to reality.

5) The cure: definition, reduction, and causality

To stop both floating abstractions and fantasies, apply the same method:

  • Define your terms (genus + differentia; essentials).
  • Reduce abstractions to perceptual-level facts and to the causal chain that justifies them.
  • Ask: What exists? By what means? Under what conditions? Who acts? Who pays? What is the incentive? What is the evidence?

6) A quick test you can use

If a claim relies heavily on noble-sounding words but resists:

  • precise definition,
  • concrete examples,
  • causal explanation,
  • and falsifiable consequences,

then you’re likely looking at a floating abstraction protecting a fantasy.


In addition:

There’s more to say, but it has to be said in a way that keeps everything anchored to reality.

1) The core connection: the “anti-concept” function

A floating abstraction often functions like an anti-concept: it doesn’t clarify reality; it blocks thought by replacing a referent with a verbal token. A fantasy then moves in to supply the “content” the mind has refused to earn cognitively.

  • Floating abstraction = stolen words (no reduction, no definition, no referent).
  • Fantasy = stolen conclusions (no evidence, no causal path, no requirements).

Together they are a package-deal: verbal fog + imaginary payoff.

2) The psychological motive (not “feelings,” but choices and premises)

The engine is not “emotion,” but evasion: the choice not to think when thinking would demand effort, change, or moral judgment.

A person wants some end (admiration, wealth, safety, “equality,” salvation) while refusing the means (work, trade, knowledge, self-discipline, respect for rights). Fantasy offers the end without the means; floating abstractions offer “reasons” that can’t be checked.

That is why these two commonly appear together in politics, morality, and religion: they are tools for zero-based epistemology.

3) Two directions of corruption (important distinction)

A. Fantasy protected by floating abstraction

This is the common case:

  • Fantasy: “We can have outcomes without causes.”
  • Floating abstraction: “Because fairness / social justice / the public good.”

The abstraction is not used to name a fact; it is used to stop inquiry.

B. Valid abstraction corrupted into floating form by fantasy

This is subtler and more dangerous because it trades on real concepts:

  • Valid abstraction: “rights,” “justice,” “love,” “freedom.”
  • Fantasy-content smuggled in: rights as entitlements; justice as equal outcomes; freedom as freedom-from-reality; love as self-sacrifice.
  • Result: the term becomes detached from its base and then wielded as a weapon.

4) How to detect it: four tests

  1. Definition test: Can the speaker give an essential definition (not synonyms)?
  2. Reduction test: Can they tie it to perceptual facts and real examples?
  3. Causality test: Can they explain the mechanism—who does what, by what means, with what trade-offs?
  4. Cost test: What must be produced, sacrificed, or prohibited to make it happen? If the answer is “nothing” or “the rich will pay” (as a blank check), you’re in fantasy-land.

Failure on these tests is almost never an innocent mistake. It’s usually an attempt to get the moral credit of words without earning the cognitive content.

5) Typical pairings (so you can spot the pattern fast)

  • “Economic justice” + “we’ll just tax the rich” (ignores production, capital, incentives).
  • “Sustainability” + “we must stop growth” (treats human life and industry as stains on nature, evades trade-offs).
  • “Equality” + “outcomes must be equal” (evades differences in choice, effort, ability, and the role of freedom).
  • “My truth” + “therefore you must accept my claim” (turns knowledge into a wish and demands deference).

6) The positive alternative: what a rational mind does instead

  • Use concepts as tools of identification, not weapons of pressure.
  • Demand definitions, evidence, and causal explanations.
  • Accept that values must be earned and that reality does not grant wishes.

Tuesday, July 28, 2026

Action chain to break up the Save America Act and put the parts of it into other bills

 Goal: Break the Safeguard American Voter Eligibility (SAVE) Act into discrete planks, force on‑the‑record votes, and enact as many planks as possible via standalone bills, amendments to moving vehicles, and conference negotiations.

Action chain

  1. Map and segment the policy
  • Audit the current text and split into clean planks (e.g., registration standards, list‑maintenance/data‑sharing, enforcement/penalties, federal‑only ballot rules, EAC/HAVA implementation, appropriations/oversight).
  • For each plank: define redlines, minimal viable text, and optional bargaining trims.
  1. Draft modular text in two formats
  • Ask Legislative Counsel to produce:
    a) one‑subject mini‑bills (one per plank), and
    b) amendment text for each plank: (i) simple amendment, (ii) side‑by‑side option, (iii) amendment in the nature of a substitute (ANS).
  • Add severability, conforming amendments, and effective dates. Pre‑clear with Parliamentarian/committee counsel for germaneness and points of order.
  1. Assign committees and champions
  • Jurisdiction map: Senate Rules & Administration (elections), Judiciary (criminal penalties), HSGAC (interagency data‑sharing); in the House, Administration, Judiciary, and Oversight.
  • Identify a lead and at least one cross‑faction co‑sponsor per plank.
  1. Choose vehicles (ranked by probability of floor time)
  • Must‑pass: full‑year appropriations (FSGG, DHS, DOJ), NDAA, water/FAA/farm/WRDA if live this year.
  • Relevant authorizations: HAVA/EAC reauthorizations or tech corrections.
  • Omnibus/mini‑bus, CRs for short‑term riders, and agency reorg/authorization clean‑ups.
  • If majority isn’t open to riders, target Senate pre‑cloture amendments on any live vehicle to force votes.
  1. Senate floor tactics to force recorded votes
  • Rule XIV each mini‑bill to place it directly on the Senate Calendar; hold press and stakeholder pushes when placed.
  • Try a motion to proceed and file cloture on a top‑tier plank; even if cloture fails, you have the vote record.
  • On live vehicles, file non‑germane amendments pre‑cloture to compel on‑the‑record votes; after cloture, pivot to germane slices.
  • Use side‑by‑side and second‑degree amendments to frame contrasts; if agreement allows, employ a clay‑pigeon split to get multiple discrete votes on one filed package.
  • Seek a UC that guarantees X amendments per side with 60‑vote thresholds; if blocked, publicize the blockade.
  1. House packaging options
  • Structured rule making specific planks in order; use ANS to drop a larger bundle into a moving vehicle.
  • If leadership balks on germaneness, request a special rule that waives it for specified planks.
  • For consensus planks, try suspension if two‑thirds is plausible.
  • Use self‑executing rule to “deem and pass” narrow text into the vehicle at adoption of the rule.
  1. Conference and ping‑pong leverage
  • If either chamber adopts a plank, hard‑lock it as a “must‑retain” in conference instructions.
  • Offer motions to instruct conferees (House) and public conference priorities (Senate) to force member records.
  • If ping‑ponging, insist the chamber‑passed plank be the base text or a first‑degree amendment to concur.
  1. Appropriations rider pathway (if policy fits)
  • Draft two versions per plank: enforcement‑focused proviso and reporting/condition‑of‑funds rider.
  • Target FSGG, DHS, and DOJ bills; coordinate with cardinals and subcommittee staff early.
  • If CRs become necessary, attempt a narrow, time‑limited rider to establish precedent.
  1. Budget/reconciliation screen (only if viable)
  • If any plank has a direct budgetary effect and can satisfy the Byrd Rule, prepare a narrowly tailored reconciliation variant. Otherwise skip this step.
  1. Pre‑butt points of order and legal risk
  • Secure CRS/committee memos on NVRA, VRA, and constitutional issues; add fallback language and findings.
  • Confirm PAYGO/CBO scoring and include offsets if needed.
  1. Vote sequencing and member‑record plan
  • Build a vote matrix for each plank: preferred text, acceptable compromise, and poison‑pill detection.
  • Schedule high‑salience planks for high‑visibility vehicles; use roll‑call votes where possible.
  1. External coalition and whip
  • Prepare one‑pagers, legal explainer, CBO/JCT summaries, and state‑impact notes.
  • Line up state officials and validators for letters of support timed to filing and floor action.
  • Maintain a public “tracker” showing where each senator/representative voted on each plank.
  1. Iterate and bank wins
  • If a plank fails on a vehicle, refile it on the next one; bank any adopted reporting requirements or studies as beachheads for future expansion.
  • When any chamber passes a mini‑bill, immediately Rule XIV it in the Senate (or request immediate consideration in the House) to force a second‑chamber record.

In addition:

here’s a deeper, action‑focused expansion you can pick up and run with right away.

Action chain: advanced steps, templates, and procedural levers

  1. Define the breakup map with concrete planks
  • Core planks to peel off:
    • Proof‑of‑citizenship for federal voter registration (amend NVRA).
    • Federal‑only ballot rules if state DPOC not met.
    • Interagency data‑matching (DHS/SSA/EAC/HAVA database hygiene).
    • List‑maintenance and periodic verification standards (NVRA Sec. 8 updates).
    • Enforcement: penalties, referrals, and reporting.
    • Funding and implementation: EAC rulemaking, grants, and deadlines.
  • For each plank: set “gold,” “silver,” and “bronze” text so you can scale to 60‑vote Senate realities or suspension votes in the House.
  1. Commission modular drafting in two formats (mini‑bills and amendments)
  • Ask Legislative Counsel for:
    • Mini‑bills, one subject each, with severability, short title, findings, and effective dates.
    • Parallel amendment text sets: simple first‑degree; side‑by‑side alternative; amendment in the nature of a substitute (ANS); and a skinny “reporting‑only” rider version.
  • Include cross‑walks showing exactly which U.S. Code sections you touch:
    • NVRA: 52 U.S.C. 20501–20511 (esp. Sec. 6 and 8).
    • HAVA: 52 U.S.C. 20921 et seq. (EAC authorities; statewide databases).
    • Criminal/eligibility: 18 U.S.C. 611; 52 U.S.C. 10101(a)(2)(B) (materiality) for pre‑buttals.
  1. Pre‑clear with gatekeepers to avoid procedural traps
  • Senate Parliamentarian/committee counsel: check germaneness post‑cloture, Rule XVI on appropriations, scope‑of‑conference (Rule XXVIII), Budget Act points (302(f), 311(a), 313 Byrd).
  • House Parliamentarian/Rules staff: strict germaneness; special‑rule waivers; self‑executing rule options.
  • CBO/CRS preview memos: confirm negligible outlays or add pay‑fors; prepare legal/federalism analysis under the Elections Clause.
  1. Ready‑to‑use statutory building blocks (drop‑in text)
  • Severability (standard):
    • “If any provision of this Act, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance, is held invalid, the remainder of this Act, and the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances, shall not be affected.”
  • Effective date ladder:
    • “This Act shall take effect 180 days after enactment, except that the Election Assistance Commission shall issue implementing guidance not later than 90 days after enactment.”
  • NVRA DPOC insertion (mini‑bill or amendment outline):
    • “Section 9 of the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (52 U.S.C. 20508) is amended by adding at the end the following: ‘(i) A State shall require documentary proof of United States citizenship for applicants registering to vote in elections for Federal office…’” (Follow with an enumerated list of acceptable documents, fallback verification via DHS/SSA match, and a safe‑harbor if agencies do not timely respond.)
  • Federal‑only ballot backstop:
    • “Nothing in this Act shall be construed to require a State to provide a ballot for State or local offices to an applicant who fails to satisfy State documentary requirements; such applicant may receive, solely for elections for Federal office, a ballot as provided by State law consistent with this Act.”
  • Interagency matching authority:
    • “The Secretary of Homeland Security and the Commissioner of Social Security shall, upon request of a State election official, verify citizenship status for the limited purpose of voter registration eligibility, pursuant to a memorandum of understanding that—(A) limits data fields to full name, date of birth, and last four digits of the Social Security number; (B) logs queries; (C) returns a yes/no/unable‑to‑determine code; and (D) prohibits retention beyond 90 days except for audit.”
  • Appropriations rider (condition‑of‑funds template):
    • “None of the funds made available by this Act may be used by the Election Assistance Commission to approve or administer a Federal voter registration form that does not require documentary proof of United States citizenship for applicants for elections for Federal office.”
  • Reporting‑only foothold:
    • “Not later than 180 days after enactment, the EAC shall submit to the Committees on Appropriations and authorizing committees a report on State practices for citizenship verification… including recommendations and draft regulatory text.”
  1. Senate floor tactics to manufacture recorded votes
  • Rule XIV each mini‑bill to the Calendar; hold a press hit when each receives a calendar number.
  • On any live vehicle, file pre‑cloture non‑germane amendments to force 60‑vote tests; after cloture, pivot to germane slices.
  • Use side‑by‑side: file your plank plus a narrower alternative; seek a UC for paired votes to frame the contrast.
  • Clay‑pigeon split: negotiate a UC to divide one comprehensive amendment into multiple discrete votes.
  • Motion sequencing: ask for the yeas and nays; if blocked, use motions to table to create on‑the‑record tallies.
  • Expect the majority to “fill the tree”; prepare a UC offering equal numbers of amendments per side with 60‑vote thresholds to reopen the tree.
  1. House pathways beyond a straight standalone
  • Special rule with self‑executing adoption of one or more planks into a moving bill.
  • Queen‑of‑the‑Hill rule to maximize recorded choices among variants.
  • Suspension for consensus slices (e.g., reporting and EAC grants) with two‑thirds.
  • If bottled in committee, prep a discharge petition text and a public whip plan (30 legislative‑day clock plus 7 for the motion).
  1. Must‑pass vehicle targeting and timing
  • Highest probability: FSGG, DHS, and DOJ appropriations; continuing resolutions near fiscal year deadlines; NDAA often includes election security/federal workforce titles that can host narrow pieces.
  • Prep two versions per vehicle: a legislative plank (if waivers are likely) and a pure condition‑of‑funds or reporting rider (to survive Rule XVI challenges).
  1. Conference and ping‑pong leverage
  • If either chamber adopts any slice, lock it in via House motions to instruct and Senate public conference priorities.
  • Police scope of conference: ensure adopted plank language is clearly “in difference” to survive Rule XXVIII points of order.
  1. Reconciliation screen (use only if it truly fits)
  • Run a Byrd test. Only carry a plank if: it changes outlays/revenues; the policy effect is not incidental; it stays within instructed committee jurisdiction; and it doesn’t worsen the deficit outside the window. If it flunks any prong, don’t try to jam it.
  1. Legal risk and durability guardrails
  • Draft findings under the Elections Clause; acknowledge and tailor around Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council (2013) by expressly amending NVRA federal‑form standards.
  • Anti‑commandeering: keep State duties tied to federal elections; provide federal funding for any new administrative burden.
  • Materiality: ensure any denial is tied to citizenship status, not immaterial paperwork errors; include a cure process and notice timelines.
  1. Data‑privacy and accuracy standards (to head off opposition)
  • Mandate limited data fields, encryption, audit logs, match‑confidence thresholds, and an appeal/cure protocol.
  • Require annual IG audits and GAO review; sunset the authority unless reauthorized after a formal effectiveness report.
  1. Coalition, comms, and whip artifacts you can prep now
  • One‑pagers per plank with section‑by‑section, state impact tables, and FAQs.
  • Draft UC and Rules Committee asks; letter templates for Secretaries of State, prosecutors, and validators.
  • A public vote tracker matrix listing every mini‑bill and amendment, with running tallies by member and state.
  1. Contingency “bank the win” strategy
  • If a narrow rider or report lands, immediately refile the underlying policy on the next vehicle, citing newly required findings or data as justification.
  • Don’t wait for final enactment—turn failed 49–51 or 57–43 votes into earned media and pressure for the next vote.

Action chain to end the war between US and Iran

 

Below is a concise, research‑backed action chain to achieve two linked U.S. goals in the current conflict: (1) stop Iran from moving toward a nuclear weapon, and (2) reopen the Strait of Hormuz to safe commercial traffic.

Situation brief (why these steps matter)

  • Since February 28, 2026, Iran has effectively shut down most transit through the Strait of Hormuz amid U.S.–Iran hostilities, pushing oil markets into emergency measures. IEA members approved an unprecedented 400 million barrel collective release, and DOE began a 172 million barrel U.S. SPR release in March 2026 to stabilize supply. But flows will not normalize until Hormuz reopens. (iea.org)
  • IAEA reporting through 2025–2026 shows Iran produced and accumulated uranium enriched up to 60% U‑235, an unprecedented stock for a non‑nuclear‑weapon NPT state; inspector access and continuity of knowledge were degraded after mid‑2025 and further complicated by 2025–2026 strikes. Restoring intrusive verification is essential. (iaea.org)
  • Legally, ships and aircraft enjoy a right of “transit passage” in international straits such as Hormuz; coastal states may not impede it (UNCLOS Part III). While Iran is not a party, many states view the regime as customary law and binding; practical de‑facto closure has still occurred through attacks, mines, and risk pricing. (un.org)
  • The U.S. and Iran have intermittently paused strikes in late July 2026 amid Oman/Qatar‑facilitated talks; EIA data and IMO/insurer statements confirm that traffic remains sharply constrained and AIS data are unreliable since late February. (apnews.com)

Action chain (phased, with verification, incentives, and snap‑back)

Phase 0: Clarify U.S. end‑state and build the coalition (48–72 hours)

  1. Publicly define the end‑state: immediate, unconditional resumption of unimpeded transit passage through the Strait of Hormuz; an IAEA‑verified halt to enrichment above 20% U‑235; restoration of full safeguards with Additional Protocol access; accounting for and disposition of all 60% material. Signal willingness to sequence limited, reversible economic steps if verifiably met. (un.org)
  2. Lock in a political coalition and external pressure: align with the E3/EU on the 2025 UN/EU “snapback” path and maintain U.S. sanctions unity, while bringing in major Asian importers (Japan, Korea, India) to support enforcement and post‑reopening traffic. Keep SHIP Act enforcement central to squeeze illicit oil revenue that funds escalation. (eeas.europa.eu)
  3. Task a small “Hormuz Contact Group” (U.S., Oman, Qatar, UK, France, UAE, Saudi Arabia, India, plus the IMO Secretariat) to manage an initial de‑escalation and navigation plan; Muscat remains the primary backchannel. (fm.gov.om)

Phase 1: Immediate maritime de‑escalation and safety corridor (Days 1–10)
4) Negotiate a 14‑day reciprocal stand‑down window focused on maritime attacks around the strait, verified by a Joint Maritime Cell in Muscat staffed by the Contact Group, with a direct U.S.–Iran deconfliction line for tanker transits. Use the existing IMO traffic separation scheme as the base route. (apnews.com)
5) Stand up a “Hormuz Safe Navigation Arrangement”:

  • Security: CMF/IMSC coordinate layered escorts and surveillance; CTF‑152 provides visible multinational presence inside the Gulf; CTF‑52 executes mine countermeasures (manned/unmanned/EOD) to clear declared danger areas and certify lanes. (centcom.mil)
  • Insurance: work with London market to align war‑risk underwriting with the certified lanes and stand‑down window; support the June 2026 Lloyd’s consortium to restore capacity; pair with U.S./allied loss‑sharing backstops if needed. (lloyds.com)
  • Compliance: require AIS on, disciplined routing, and Contact Group reporting for all convoys; note EIA’s warning that AIS data have been unreliable since late February and compensate with multistatic radar, drones, and satellite tasking. (eia.gov)

Phase 2: “Freeze‑for‑freeze” nuclear steps tied to maritime reopening (Days 1–30)
6) On Day 1 of the stand‑down, secure written Iranian commitments to:

  • Freeze enrichment ≥60% immediately; no new centrifuge cascades; no new construction at sensitive sites. (iaea.org)
  • Restore IAEA “surge access,” cameras/online monitors, and material accountancy to locate and verify all 60% stocks and HEU/LEU inventories lost to continuity‑of‑knowledge gaps. (iaea.org)
  1. Offer proportional, reversible steps if verified within 14–21 days:
    • Narrow, time‑boxed OFAC accommodations for specific humanitarian channels and escrowed oil sales that do not deliver net new hard currency to sanctioned entities; maintain SHIP Act/OFAC pressure on the shadow fleet. (ofac.treasury.gov)
    • Maritime: expand certified safe lanes and insured convoy throughput as verification milestones are met; publicly post daily convoy slots via the Joint Maritime Cell to normalize expectations. (lloyds.com)
  2. By Day 30, require disposition of the 60% stock: down‑blend to ≤20% under IAEA seals or transfer excess material to IAEA custody (e.g., to the IAEA LEU Bank in Kazakhstan) pending a longer agreement. Link each tranche to additional convoy capacity and insurance normalization. (iaea.org)

Phase 3: Consolidate and widen reopening (Month 2–3)
9) Scale mine‑clearing/certification until full TSS capacity is restored; publish lane status through IMO and the Contact Group; reopen individual ports on rolling safety certifications. Maintain visible but non‑provocative coalition naval coverage. (imo.org)
10) Energy stabilization while lanes ramp:

  • Continue coordinated IEA stock releases and calibrated U.S. SPR exchanges until throughput normalizes; taper as certified capacity rises. (iea.org)
  • Support regional bypasses (e.g., pipelines) and diversified routing to reduce vulnerability to any renewed closure threat. (apnews.com)
  1. Begin a “JCPOA‑plus” track with E3/EU and IAEA to codify:
  • Cap enrichment ≤3.67–5% with monitored stockpile limits; verified dismantlement/mothballing at Fordow‑type underground sites; long‑duration monitoring; dispute resolution that protects inspector access. Sanctions relief phases only after verification. (consilium.europa.eu)

Enforcement and guardrails throughout

  • Maintain pressure on Iran’s illicit oil networks and “shadow fleet” under the SHIP Act and existing E.O.s; keep publishing OFAC advisories so counterparties see enforcement risk. (eia.gov)
  • Keep a limited, clearly communicated military deterrent focused on protecting shipping and counter‑mine/air‑defense/ISR, avoiding strikes that collapse talks or incentivize covert dispersal of nuclear material. Historical and 2025–2026 evidence suggests strikes can delay but not end nuclear advances and may complicate IAEA accounting. (investing.com)
  • Anchor the legal case in transit passage norms; work with IMO to formalize the temporary arrangement and with the UN (and key importers) to condemn impediments to passage. (un.org)
  • Harden maritime cyber/GNSS/AIS and port security to reduce the effect of spoofing and deception during reopening. (arxiv.org)

Decision branches (if/then)

  • If Iran verifiably freezes ≥60%, restores full IAEA access, and begins down‑blending: incrementally widen insured convoys, expand port reopenings, and deliver limited, escrow‑based economic steps; proceed into a JCPOA‑plus negotiation with phased relief only after milestones. (iaea.org)
  • If Iran reneges or resumes attacks/impediments in the strait: snap back any accommodations; intensify SHIP Act/OFAC actions against facilitators and vessels; expand convoyed transits with broader multinational participation; if required, conduct proportional, publicly justified interdictions of attack platforms threatening shipping while continuing mine clearance. (eia.gov)

Metrics to track success (weekly)

  • Maritime: number of certified convoy transits, days without attacks, insurance APs (additional premiums) trending down along certified lanes. (lloyds.com)
  • Nuclear: IAEA inspector access restored; continuity‑of‑knowledge re‑established; kilograms of 60% material down‑blended or transferred; enrichment levels capped and verified. (iaea.org)
  • Markets: Brent backwardation eases; IEA/DOE report declining reliance on emergency stocks as Hormuz throughput recovers. (iea.org)

Why this chain is calibrated

  • It pairs verifiable nuclear steps with immediate, tangible maritime benefits that Iran and the market can see (safer lanes, cheaper insurance), while preserving allied economic pressure if Tehran backslides. It uses existing security architectures (IMSC/CMF, CTF‑152/52), legal norms (transit passage), and trusted mediators (Oman/Qatar), recognizes current pauses in strikes, and directly addresses the two practical bottlenecks to reopening—mines/attacks and war‑risk pricing. (centcom.mil)



Learn more:

  1. IEA Member countries to carry out largest ever oil stock release amid market disruptions from Middle East conflict - News - IEA
  2. Derestricted 11 September 2025
  3. UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA
  4. US and Iran pause their attacks after days of escalation
  5. Iran: Statement by the High Representative on the reintroduction of nuclear sanctions and restrictions | EEAS
  6. Minister holds consultations with Iranian and US delegations | fm.gov.om
  7. Mediators see progress in efforts to halt Iran war as drone attacks rattle region
  8. International Maritime Security Construct Holds Change of Command > U.S. Central Command > News Article View
  9. Launch of new marine war risk consortium to support Strait of Hormuz shipping
  10. Short-Term Energy Outlook - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
  11. Iran Sanctions | Office of Foreign Assets Control
  12. GOV/2020/28-GC(64)/5*
  13. Middle East
  14. Mideast oil producers step up plans to bypass the Strait of Hormuz
  15. Iran's nuclear agreement - Consilium
  16. International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
  17. US strikes on Iran nuclear sites are real-life test of hard power’s limits By Reuters
  18. Maritime Cybersecurity: A Comprehensive Review
  19. IEA confirms Member country contributions to collective action to release oil stocks in response to Middle East disruptions - News - IEA

Is an action moral/ethical?

 Here’s a complete, reusable chain you can run to decide whether a specific act is moral/ethical in SPOTM terms. It’s written as a practical...