Beauty: objective definition

 To find an objective definition of "beauty":

1. Reduce the concept to its perceptual level roots and basic axioms/principles:

• Perceptual roots: Certain patterns, proportions, symmetries, colors, sounds, etc. that humans visually/auditorily perceive
• Basic axioms: The existence of an objective reality external to the mind. The senses provide valid information about this reality within the normal operations of a rational consciousness.

2. Identify additional intermediate steps/principles:

• Human neurological hardwiring that causes certain sensory inputs to trigger pleasurable responses
• Cultural influences that shape ideals of beauty over time
• The fact that judgments of beauty require focus, integration of sensory inputs, and conceptual processing

3. Identify essential/distinguishing characteristics:

• A positive aesthetic response/evaluation triggered by certain sensory inputs
• Often associated with proportion, harmony, complexity within simplicity
• Culturally-influenced ideals that are not purely arbitrary
• An assessment based on visual/auditory perception, not merely subjective whim

4. Tentative objective definition:
   Beauty is the positive aesthetic evaluation and pleasurable response triggered in a rational consciousness by the perception of certain patterns, proportions, complexities, harmonies, and other qualities that correspond to evolutionarily and culturally influenced neurological templates and ideals.

Does this meet criteria for an objective definition?

• It relates the concept to observable facts of reality (perception, neurology, evolution)
• It identifies the essential distinguishing characteristics
• It avoids contradictions, delusions, or arbitrary assertions
• It is defined in terms of a wider concept (aesthetic evaluation) and specific differentiators

However, given cultural variability in beauty standards, one could argue the definition is not fully universal. More fundamentally, since beauty requires a conscious subject, it is not purely objective in the sense of existing independently of consciousnesses.

So in summary - this attempts an objective conceptual definition grounded in reality, but there are limitations in achieving complete objectivity for a concept like beauty that involves a subjective experiential component. The definition ties it to objective roots as much as possible.

To expand further on the objective definition of beauty:

Perceptual Roots:

• Symmetry in shapes/patterns (ties to biology - symmetry is a cue for health/fitness)
• Certain color combinations/contrasts
• Specific ratios/proportions (e.g. the golden ratio found aesthetically pleasing)
• Complexities that are ordered rather than chaotic
• Sensory inputs that are novel but still have discernible patterns

Basic Axioms/Principles:

• Consciousness exists as a real phenomenon of the natural world
• Consciousness has an innate biological basis (neurology, evolutionary programming)
• Sense perception provides valid data about the world within certain parameters

Additional Intermediate Steps:

• Certain neural circuits are activated when perceiving aesthetic stimuli
• These are linked to the brain's reward/pleasure centers over evolutionary time
• Enculturation influences what qualifies as "beautiful" by shaping preference

Essential Characteristics:

• A sensory experience that activates the neurological aesthetic response
• Often corresponds to patterns suggesting health, resources, reproductive fitness
• Ideals influenced by culture's concept of beauty, but not purely arbitrary
• Requires a conscious integrator to synthesize and evaluate the perception

By grounding beauty in biology, neurology, perception, and aesthetics as a real cognitive phenomenon, this works toward an objective definition. It ties the experiential aspects to factual roots in reality.

However, some subjective variability may be inevitable, as different individuals and cultures will have differing aesthetic preferences and concepts of beauty shaped by their contexts.

So in essence, this aims for a rationally derived, reality-based definition - but one that still allows for some subjective individuality within the objective roots and essential characteristics identified. It is as objective as the subject matter allows.

To further expand on the objective definition of beauty:

Perceptual Roots:

• Basic sensory inputs like color, shape, pattern, sound, etc. that are the building blocks of aesthetic perception
• The perception of unity/harmony among diverse elements
• Detection of complexities that are not mere randomness
• Sensory cues that may have once signaled reproductive fitness (symmetry, healthy qualities)

Basic Axioms:

• Consciousness arises from the brain, an organ that evolved over time
• Aesthetic judgments arise from neurological processes instantiated in a physical brain
• These processes track objective patterns and relationships in sensory data
• The logic of aesthetics is not purely arbitrary, but relates to received sensory inputs

Intermediate Principles:

• Aesthetic preferences shaped by biological/evolutionary history favoring certain patterns
• But also by individual neurologies, personal experiences, and cultural contexts
• Higher-level cognitive integration is required to synthesize and evaluate beauty
• Involves inductive/deductive reasoning about the observed data

Essential Characteristics:

• A synthesized cognitive appraisal based on sensory input processing
• Often corresponds to qualities like harmony, proportion, complexity, novelty
• Refined through conceptual analysis and reasoning
• An evaluation, not just a mere subjective feeling
• But allows some variability based on individual make-up and influences

The key is grounding the experience of beauty in objective roots (percepts, cognitive processes, neural mechanisms, logic) as much as possible, while still allowing for the inherent experiential subjectivity involved.

This defines beauty as an high-level cognitive phenomenon - a reasoned aesthetic evaluation and neurological response, shaped by both objective patterns in reality and subjective individuating factors. As objective as the subject matter permits.

Here is my attempt at a final objective definition of beauty:

Beauty is the positive aesthetic judgment and neurological response arising from the cognitive perception and integration of sensory patterns, complexities, harmonies, proportions, and other qualities that correspond to inductively and deductively derived principles of aesthetic appraisal, shaped by both biological evolutionary influences and individual/cultural contextual factors.

The essential characteristics are:

1. It involves the perception and cognitive processing of objective sensory input data.

2. It requires higher-level integration, conceptual synthesis, and evaluation of the perceived data according to aesthetic principles and logic.

3. The aesthetic principles emerge from a combination of innate biological programming (e.g. preferences for symmetry, certain proportions) and learned cultural influences.

4. It is an evaluative judgment, not just a mere subjective feeling - involving reason about the observed sensory complexities.

5. It manifests as a positive neurological response in the brain's reward/pleasure centers when the aesthetic criteria are met.

6. While shaped by subjective factors, it tracks objective patterns, relationships, and qualities in external reality as perceived.

So in summary, it aims to ground the concept of beauty in objective perception, cognition, neurology and logic as much as possible, while still allowing for an experiential, contextual element of subjectivity. It defines beauty as an aesthetic judgment and neurological end-result, based on objectively-derived principles applied to subjective experience.

Based on the objective definition provided, for something to be considered beautiful, it would need to meet the following criteria:

1. It must be perceived through the senses as having certain objective qualities such as:

• Symmetry, proportion, patterns, complexities
• Harmonies, unities among diverse elements
• Novelty combined with discernible order
• Qualities that may signal health, resources, reproductive fitness

2. The sensory input data must be integrated, synthesized, and processed through higher cognitive functions involving:

• Inductive reasoning to derive aesthetic principles from perceived patterns
• Deductive application of established aesthetic concepts and logic
• Conceptual analysis to evaluate the perceived data

3. The cognitive evaluation must correspond to principles and benchmarks of aesthetic appraisal that have arisen from:

• Inherited evolutionary biological influences shaping innate preferences
• Cultural context and learned ideals about beauty across generations

4. The cognitive integration and evaluation must trigger the neurological "beauty response" - activation of the brain's pleasure/reward centers.

5. While shaped by subjective biological and cultural influences, the overall judgment must be based on observable objective qualities of the perceived phenomenon, not merely whim.

So in essence, for something to be truly beautiful by this definition, it must exhibit objective, empirically discernible qualities that can be evaluated through reason and aesthetic principles - while still allowing for subjective variability in how those principles are derived and applied based on one's context. It is a calibrated cognitive judgment, not an arbitrary feeling.

conservatives need to use Alinsky's principles

 

Saul Alinsky's Principles: A Summary

Saul Alinsky, a renowned community organizer, outlined his principles in his book "Rules for Radicals." These principles emphasize the importance of power, organization, and tactics in achieving social change. Here's a summary of his key principles:

Power:

• Power is the ability to achieve your goals. It can be obtained through various means, including numbers, money, and organization.
• Never go outside the experience of your people. This means understanding the concerns and motivations of the community you're organizing.
• Wherever possible, go outside the system. Challenge the existing power structures and institutions that perpetuate inequality.

Organization:

• Build an organization that is strong and independent. This requires attracting and retaining committed members, developing a clear mission and goals, and establishing a solid financial foundation.
• People are the key to organization. Invest in training and empowering individuals to become effective leaders and organizers.
• Organization is the foundation for power. A strong organization can mobilize resources and people to achieve its goals.

Tactics:

• Pressure is the key to change. Use tactics that apply pressure on those in power to make concessions.
• Ridicule is man's most potent weapon. Use humor and satire to expose the hypocrisy and weaknesses of your opponents.
• Keep the pressure on. Don't let up until you achieve your goals.

Additional Principles:

• Pick the target, freeze it, personalize it, and polarize it. Focus your efforts on a specific target, make it a clear enemy, and frame the issue in a way that forces people to take sides.
• Direct action is the most effective form of protest. This involves taking concrete steps to challenge the status quo, such as boycotts, strikes, and demonstrations.
• The end justifies the means. Alinsky believed that any tactic was acceptable if it served the ultimate goal of achieving social justice.

Criticisms:

It's important to note that Alinsky's principles have been criticized for being manipulative, confrontational, and potentially divisive. Some argue that his focus on power and tactics can overshadow the importance of building relationships and consensus.

Conclusion:

Alinsky's principles have had a significant impact on community organizing and social movements around the world. While his approach may not be universally accepted, his emphasis on power, organization, and tactics provides valuable insights for those seeking to achieve social change.

Also

1. Power Tactics: Alinsky emphasized the importance of using power to bring about change. He believed that effective community organizers must understand and utilize power dynamics.

2. The Power of the People: He advocated for the power of the people to create social change. Grassroots movements and collective action are essential to challenging existing power structures.

3. Make the Enemy Live Up to Their Own Book of Rules: One of his famous rules is to make opponents live up to their own standards and values. This tactic often exposes hypocrisy and can be a powerful tool in social activism.

4. Ridicule as a Weapon: Alinsky believed that ridicule is a potent weapon because it is difficult to counteract and infuriates the opposition, causing them to make mistakes.

5. Keep the Pressure On: He stressed the importance of constant pressure and action. Consistent and unrelenting activism is necessary to maintain momentum and achieve goals.

6. A Good Tactic is One Your People Enjoy: Alinsky emphasized that tactics should be enjoyable and engaging for the people involved. This keeps morale high and ensures sustained participation.

7. The Threat is Usually More Terrifying than the Thing Itself: Perception can be more powerful than reality. The threat of action can often lead to more concessions than the action itself.

8. Tactics that Drag on Too Long Become a Drag: Alinsky noted that prolonged tactics can lead to burnout and disinterest. It's crucial to keep actions fresh and dynamic.

9. Use of Symbolic Power: Alinsky recognized the power of symbols and slogans in unifying people and conveying a message effectively.

10. Start with Small Victories: Achieving small, incremental victories helps to build confidence and momentum within a movement. It can also attract more participants and supporters.

11. Build a Community of Interest: Alinsky advocated for identifying and organizing around shared interests to create a strong sense of community and solidarity among participants.

12. Conflict as a Catalyst for Change: He believed that conflict is a natural and necessary part of the process of social change. It can be a productive force if managed properly.

Also

These principles are designed to empower marginalized communities and drive social change through strategic and effective organizing.

Power Tactics: Alinsky emphasized the importance of using power to bring about change. He believed that effective community organizers must understand and utilize power dynamics.

The Power of the People: He advocated for the power of the people to create social change. Grassroots movements and collective action are essential to challenging existing power structures.

Make the Enemy Live Up to Their Own Book of Rules: One of his famous rules is to make opponents live up to their own standards and values. This tactic often exposes hypocrisy and can be a powerful tool in social activism.

Ridicule as a Weapon: Alinsky believed that ridicule is a potent weapon because it is difficult to counteract and infuriates the opposition, causing them to make mistakes.

Keep the Pressure On: He stressed the importance of constant pressure and action. Consistent and unrelenting activism is necessary to maintain momentum and achieve goals.

A Good Tactic is One Your People Enjoy: Alinsky emphasized that tactics should be enjoyable and engaging for the people involved. This keeps morale high and ensures sustained participation.

The Threat is Usually More Terrifying than the Thing Itself: Perception can be more powerful than reality. The threat of action can often lead to more concessions than the action itself.

Tactics that Drag on Too Long Become a Drag: Alinsky noted that prolonged tactics can lead to burnout and disinterest. It's crucial to keep actions fresh and dynamic.

Use of Symbolic Power: Alinsky recognized the power of symbols and slogans in unifying people and conveying a message effectively.

Start with Small Victories: Achieving small, incremental victories helps to build confidence and momentum within a movement. It can also attract more participants and supporters.

Build a Community of Interest: Alinsky advocated for identifying and organizing around shared interests to create a strong sense of community and solidarity among participants.

Conflict as a Catalyst for Change: He believed that conflict is a natural and necessary part of the process of social change. It can be a productive force if managed properly.

These principles are designed to empower marginalized communities and drive social change through strategic and effective organizing.

Alinsky vs Machiavelli:

Alinsky's principles share some similarities with Machiavelli's ideas, but they are adapted for a different context and purpose:

Focus on power: Both Alinsky and Machiavelli emphasize the importance of understanding and wielding power. Alinsky's first rule, "Power is not only what you have, but what the enemy thinks you have," echoes Machiavelli's focus on perception and appearances in politics.

Pragmatism over idealism: Both thinkers advocate for pragmatic approaches to achieving goals. Alinsky's tactics, like Machiavelli's advice, are focused on effectiveness rather than moral considerations.

Audience and purpose: While Machiavelli wrote for princes and rulers to maintain power, Alinsky inverted this approach, writing for the "have-nots" to gain power from the "haves". Alinsky adapted Machiavellian principles for use by marginalized groups to challenge existing power structures.

Tactical thinking: Both emphasize strategic thinking and the use of tactics. Alinsky's rules, such as "Never go outside the expertise of your people" and "Whenever possible, go outside the expertise of the enemy," reflect a tactical approach to organizing similar to Machiavelli's strategic advice for rulers.

Exploitation of human nature: Both recognize and exploit aspects of human behavior. Alinsky's rule "Ridicule is man's most potent weapon" and his focus on using the enemy's hypocrisy against them are reminiscent of Machiavelli's insights into human psychology.

Moral considerations: While Machiavelli is often interpreted as separating politics from conventional morality, Alinsky attempts to construct a "morality of power" that incorporates power and self-interest into a framework for democratic action.

Goals: Machiavelli's advice was primarily aimed at maintaining state power, while Alinsky's principles are geared towards community organizing and social change. Alinsky's approach is described as "realist, pedagogical, and democratic".

Legacy and criticism: Both thinkers have been controversial. Alinsky, like Machiavelli, has been labeled a "teacher of evil" by some critics, while others view his work as an important contribution to democratic theory and practice.

In essence, while Alinsky drew inspiration from Machiavelli's pragmatic approach to power, he adapted these ideas to serve a different purpose - empowering marginalized communities in a democratic context, rather than advising rulers on maintaining state power.

for Conservatives:

Conservatives can adapt and apply Alinsky's principles in several ways to advance their own goals and values:

Power perception: Emphasize the strength and size of the conservative movement, even if actual numbers may be smaller. This aligns with Alinsky's principle that "Power is not only what you have, but what the enemy thinks you have."

Stay within expertise: Focus on issues and arguments where conservatives have strong knowledge and credibility, such as fiscal responsibility or traditional values. This follows Alinsky's rule to "Never go outside the expertise of your people."

Pressure tactics: Maintain constant pressure on political opponents and liberal policies through various means like social media campaigns, protests, and lobbying. This embodies Alinsky's principle of "Keep the pressure on. Never let up."

Personalize targets: Identify and focus criticism on specific liberal politicians or public figures rather than broad ideologies. This applies Alinsky's rule to "Pick the target, freeze it, personalize it, and polarize it."

Use ridicule: Employ humor and satire to mock liberal policies or politicians, as Alinsky noted that "Ridicule is man's most potent weapon."

Enjoyable tactics: Develop strategies that conservatives find engaging and fun, like creative protest signs or social media challenges. This follows Alinsky's advice that "A good tactic is one your people enjoy."

Exploit opponent's rules: Hold liberal politicians and organizations accountable to their own stated principles and standards. This applies Alinsky's rule to "Make the enemy live up to its own book of rules."

Community organizing: Build grassroots networks and coalitions around conservative values and causes, similar to Alinsky's approach to community organizing.

Rapid response: Develop the ability to quickly mobilize supporters and respond to political developments, embodying Alinsky's emphasis on tactical flexibility.

Frame the narrative: Use language and messaging that resonates with broader American values, reframing conservative ideas in populist terms.

It's important to note that while these tactics can be effective, conservatives should consider applying them within their own ethical framework. As Michael Patrick Leahy suggests in his book "Rules for Conservative Radicals," conservatives can "follow the tactics of Saul Alinsky, but apply the morals and ethics of Martin Luther King."

more 

1. Power Tactics: Conservatives can identify the power structures they seek to influence, such as government agencies, media outlets, or large corporations, and develop strategies to exert influence over these entities through lobbying, protests, or media campaigns.

2. The Power of the People: Building strong grassroots movements among like-minded individuals is crucial. This could involve organizing rallies, town hall meetings, and social media campaigns to mobilize conservative supporters.

3. Make the Enemy Live Up to Their Own Book of Rules: Conservatives can hold their opponents accountable to their stated principles. For example, highlighting instances where progressive leaders fail to adhere to their own environmental or economic standards can expose perceived hypocrisy.

4. Ridicule as a Weapon: Using satire and humor to critique opponents can be effective. Political cartoons, memes, and satirical videos can help undermine the credibility of opponents and energize supporters.

5. Keep the Pressure On: Sustained campaigns on key issues, such as Second Amendment rights, religious freedom, or fiscal responsibility, keep these issues in the public eye and maintain momentum. Regular events, petitions, and media appearances can keep the pressure on opponents.

6. A Good Tactic is One Your People Enjoy: Creating enjoyable and engaging activities, such as community BBQs, patriotic celebrations, and family-friendly events, can maintain high levels of participation and enthusiasm among supporters.

7. The Threat is Usually More Terrifying than the Thing Itself: By leveraging the threat of boycotts, legal actions, or mass mobilizations, conservatives can often gain concessions or provoke action without needing to fully execute these threats.

8. Tactics that Drag on Too Long Become a Drag: Keeping campaigns dynamic and varied prevents burnout. Regularly updating tactics and introducing new activities can maintain interest and energy within the movement.

9. Use of Symbolic Power: Utilizing symbols such as the American flag, historical references, or notable conservative figures can unify supporters and convey powerful messages. Slogans like “Make America Great Again” or “Family Values” can encapsulate the movement’s goals succinctly.

10. Start with Small Victories: Achieving local victories, such as electing conservative candidates to school boards or city councils, can build confidence and momentum. These smaller successes can serve as stepping stones to larger goals.

11. Build a Community of Interest: Fostering a sense of community among supporters through shared values and goals can strengthen the movement. This can involve creating forums, clubs, and social groups that align with conservative values.

12. Conflict as a Catalyst for Change: Recognizing and embracing conflict as a means to highlight key issues can be effective. Engaging in debates, filing lawsuits, or organizing protests can draw attention to conservative causes and force discussions on contested issues.

By adapting Alinsky's strategies to fit their own goals and values, conservatives can effectively organize and advocate for their causes, leveraging grassroots power to influence public opinion and policy.

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Applying Alinsky's Principles to Conservative Causes

While Saul Alinsky's principles are often associated with progressive movements, they can also be applied by conservatives to advance their goals. Here's how:

Power:

• Identify and mobilize your base: Conservatives have a strong base of support among religious groups, rural communities, and business owners. Mobilizing these groups and channeling their energy towards specific goals can be a powerful force for change.
• Leverage existing institutions: Conservatives often hold positions of power in government, businesses, and religious organizations. Utilizing these institutions to promote conservative values and policies can be an effective way to achieve change.
• Challenge the status quo: Conservatives can use Alinsky's principles to challenge the dominance of progressive ideas in academia, media, and cultural institutions.
• 
  

Organization:

• Build strong local organizations: Conservatives can establish grassroots organizations at the local level to address community concerns, promote conservative values, and mobilize voters.
• Network with other conservative groups: Collaboration and coordination among various conservative organizations can amplify their impact and influence policy decisions.
• Develop effective leadership: Investing in training and empowering individuals to become strong leaders and organizers is crucial for building a successful conservative movement.
• 
  

Tactics:

• Use pressure tactics strategically: Conservatives can employ pressure tactics such as boycotts, protests, and letter-writing campaigns to influence policy decisions and hold elected officials accountable.
• Frame the debate in your favor: Conservatives can use Alinsky's principle of "picking the target, freezing it, personalizing it, and polarizing it" to frame issues in a way that resonates with their base and puts their opponents on the defensive.
• Counter progressive narratives: Conservatives can use Alinsky's tactics to challenge and counter progressive narratives that dominate the media and cultural landscape.
• 
  

Additional Considerations:

• Maintain ethical boundaries: While Alinsky advocated for any tactic necessary to achieve goals, conservatives should consider ethical boundaries and avoid tactics that could be seen as manipulative or harmful.
• Build bridges with other groups: While focusing on mobilizing the conservative base is important, conservatives can also seek to build bridges with other groups on issues of shared concern.
• Adapt to changing circumstances: Alinsky's principles are not a rigid formula. Conservatives need to adapt their tactics and strategies to the specific challenges and opportunities they face.
• 
  

Conclusion:

By applying Alinsky's principles strategically and ethically, conservatives can build a powerful movement capable of achieving their goals and influencing the direction of society. However, it's important to remember that these principles are just tools, and their effectiveness depends on how they are used.

Embracing diversity is collectivism and irrationalism

 Embracing diversity for its own sake, as opposed to valuing individuals based on their merit and achievements, is indeed a form of collectivism according to Ayn Rand's philosophy. Rand's Objectivism places a fundamental emphasis on individualism, where the individual is the primary unit of moral and social value. This contrasts sharply with collectivism, which prioritizes the group over the individual.

In Rand's view, individual merit and achievement are the proper standards by which people should be judged. This focus on individual merit stems from her belief in rational self-interest and the importance of personal responsibility. Each person is an end in themselves, and their worth is determined by their rational capacities, character, and actions, not by their membership in a particular group [1].

When diversity is embraced merely for its own sake, it often implies valuing individuals based on their group identity rather than their personal qualities and achievements. This approach can lead to the elevation of group characteristics over individual attributes, which is a hallmark of collectivist thinking. Collectivism, in this sense, subsumes the individual into the group, making group identity the primary basis for evaluation and action [3].

Rand's philosophy holds that collectivist policies undermine the principles of individual rights and freedom. By focusing on group identity, such policies disregard the unique value and potential of each individual. They also contradict the Objectivist ethics, which emphasize rational self-interest, personal responsibility, and the pursuit of one's own happiness as the highest moral purpose of life [5].

True diversity, from an Objectivist standpoint, arises naturally in a society that recognizes and rewards individual achievements. It is the variety of individuals' perspectives and talents, appreciated for their unique contributions rather than their group identities, that enriches society. This kind of diversity is a byproduct of a free society that values personal merit and rational judgment over collectivist mandates [6].

In summary, while a variety of individual perspectives and talents can be valuable, it is only so when it stems from the recognition of individual merit rather than being pursued through collectivist policies. Emphasizing group identity over individual achievement is antithetical to the principles of Objectivism, which uphold reason, individual rights, and the pursuit of one's rational self-interest [4].

Sources:

1 the Virtue of Selfishness by Ayn Rand

2 Ayn Rand Lexicon by Harry Binswanger

3 the Voice of Reason by Ayn Rand, with additional essays by Leonard Peikoff

4 the Anti-industrial Revolution by Ayn Rand

5 Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology by Ayn Rand

6 the Romantic Manifesto by Ayn Rand

Furthermore:

According to Ayn Rand's philosophy, embracing diversity for its own sake can be a form of collectivism. Rand emphasized the value of individualism and rational judgment over group identity. The principle of diversity, when used to elevate group identities over individual merit and achievement, undermines the core tenets of individualism and rational self-interest. It can lead to collectivist thinking, where individuals are judged and valued primarily based on their membership in a particular group rather than their personal qualities and achievements.

In Rand's view, the moral worth of an individual is determined by their rational capacities, character, and actions, not by their membership in any collective identity. Therefore, while diversity in the form of a variety of individual perspectives and talents is valuable, it is only so when it arises naturally from the recognition of individuals' unique contributions rather than being forced or mandated based on group identity [1][5].

Emphasizing group identity over individual merit is antithetical to the principles of Objectivism, which uphold the primacy of reason, the primacy of reality, individual rights, and the pursuit of one's rational self-interest [3]. Thus, from an Objectivist perspective, true diversity is a byproduct of a society that recognizes and rewards individual achievement, rather than a goal to be pursued through collectivist policies.

Sources:

1 Ayn Rand Lexicon by Harry Binswanger

2 the Virtue of Selfishness by Ayn Rand

3 the Voice of Reason by Ayn Rand, with additional essays by Leonard Peikoff

4 Logical Leap by David Harriman

5 the Anti-industrial Revolution by Ayn Rand

6 Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology by Ayn Rand

To eliminate excess government debt:

          To eliminate excess government debt:

Reducing Taxation: Lowering taxes on individuals and businesses to promote investment, consumption, and economic growth. High taxes can discourage entrepreneurship and reduce the incentives for businesses to expand and innovate [1]. Historical data from the United States provides some evidence for the Laffer curve's predictions, where after reducing tax rates, tax revenues initially decline but then increase. Increased tax revenues reduces the need for more debt.

Privatizing Public Services: Moving services such as education, healthcare, and public transportation to the private sector can increase efficiency and quality through competition. Privatization ensures that services are provided based on market demand and consumer preference rather than government allocation [3].

Eliminating Subsidies: Phasing out subsidies for specific industries or companies to prevent market distortions. Subsidies can create inefficiencies by propping up businesses that would otherwise not be competitive, thus misallocating resources [5].

Promoting Free Trade: Encouraging international trade by reducing tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers. Free trade allows consumers to benefit from a greater variety of goods at lower prices and enables businesses to access larger markets [2].

Enhancing Property Rights: Strengthening the protection of property rights to ensure that individuals and businesses have the confidence to invest and innovate. Secure property rights are fundamental to a functioning free market as they provide the necessary legal framework for voluntary exchanges [6].

Reducing Government Spending: Limiting government spending to essential functions and reducing the size of government. Excessive government spending can crowd out private investment and lead to inefficiencies in the allocation of resources [4].

Encouraging Financial Innovation: Allowing financial markets to innovate and develop new products and services without excessive regulation. Financial innovation can enhance capital allocation, improve risk management, and increase access to credit [1].

Sources:

1 Capitalism by George Reisman

2 A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism by Hans-Hermann Hoppe

3 Classical Economics by Murry Rothbard

4 Hidden Order by David Friedman

5 Economic Thought Before Adam Smith by Murry Rothbard

6 The DIM Hypothesis by Leonard Peikoff

Investing in Infrastructure: Allocating public funds towards cost-effective infrastructure projects that provide long-term economic benefits aligns well with free market principles. These investments can enhance productivity and create a conducive environment for business growth, unlike welfare payments and subsidies for renewables which can distort market incentives [1].

Abolishing Welfare: Eliminating welfare for those capable of work encourages self-reliance and personal responsibility. This aligns with the laissez-faire principle that individuals should be free to pursue their own economic interests without reliance on government aid. By reducing dependency, it can also help reduce public debt and encourage labor market participation [2].

Restricting Immigration: Limiting immigration to highly qualified and productive individuals ensures that the influx of labor adds value to the economy and does not strain public resources. This measure can help maintain a competitive and efficient labor market [3].

Rewriting Environmental Laws: Revisiting and potentially repealing certain environmental regulations can stimulate economic activity by allowing entrepreneurs to utilize natural resources more freely. This can lead to increased productivity and economic growth, albeit with the need for a balance to avoid significant environmental degradation [4].

Deregulating Small Businesses: Reducing regulations that hinder small businesses can level the playing field and foster competition. This can lead to innovation and growth, as small businesses are often more agile and responsive to market demands than large corporations [5].

Dismantling DEI/ESG Complex: Encouraging merit-based hiring, contracting, and investing can ensure that economic decisions are driven by efficiency and productivity rather than compliance with arbitrary standards. This aligns with the laissez-faire emphasis on meritocracy and market-driven outcomes [6].

Addressing Crime and Homelessness: Ensuring public safety by incarcerating criminals and providing cost-effective, sober living arrangements for the homeless can create a stable environment conducive to economic activity. This can help reduce social costs and create a more orderly society where businesses can thrive [4].

Sources:

1 Capitalism by George Reisman

2 Classical Economics by Murry Rothbard

3 Hidden Order by David Friedman

4 Man, Economy, and State with Power and Market, Scholar's Edition, by Murray Rothbard

5 A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism by Hans-Hermann Hoppe

6 Economic Thought Before Adam Smith by Murry Rothbard

state of holy matrimony: objective definition

 To find an objective definition of the concept "state of holy matrimony":

1. Reduce the concept to its perceptual level roots and basic fundamental axioms/principles:

• Perceptual Roots:
  • People (man and woman)
  • Marriage ceremony/ritual
  • Legal/social institution
  • Commitment/vows
  • Cohabitation
  • 
    
• Basic Axioms/Principles:
  • Cultures have marriage institutions
  • Marriage establishes kinship ties
  • Marriage unions are lawful in society
  • Marriages involve ceremonies/rituals
  • 
    

2. Identify additional intermediate steps/principles:

• Recognition of marriage by religious/spiritual authority
• Blessing/sanctification of the marriage union
• Established procedures/traditions around marriage in a religion
• Spiritual significance/meaning attached to marriage
• 
  

3. Essential/Distinguishing Characteristics:

• A formally recognized union
• Between one man and one woman
• Sanctioned by a religious institution
• Spiritual/sacred dimension to the marriage
• 
  

4. Objective Definition:
   The state of holy matrimony is a sacred marital union, blessed and sanctified by a religious institution, between one man and one woman through established spiritual rituals and ceremonies.

Genus: Sacred marital union
Differentia: Blessed by a religious institution, between a man and woman, through rituals/ceremonies

This definition meets the criteria of an objective definition by:

• Grounding in perceptual realities of people, ceremonies, religions
• Relying on axioms about existence of marriage across cultures
• Identifying essential spiritual/religious characteristic
• Distinguishing from other types of marriages by religious sanctification
• 
  

It is a valid definition insofar as it captures the core conceptual meaning of a marriage union sanctified by a religious institution for a man and woman, based on the perceptual facts and cultural universals around marriage.

However, it may not be fully universal, as some cultures/belief systems may have different spiritual views/traditions around marriage that are not encapsulated here.

To further expand on the objective definition of the "state of holy matrimony":

Additional Perceptual Roots:

• Wedding attire/accessories (rings, dress, etc.)
• Wedding venue (church, temple, etc.)
• Officiants (priest, rabbi, etc.)
• Witnesses
• 
  

Additional Axioms/Principles:

• Marriage is a binding commitment in most societies
• Marriage often has legal/civil implications
• Religious scriptures outline marriage rites/guidelines
• Different faiths have varying marriage traditions
• 
  

More Intermediate Steps/Principles:

• Pre-marital counseling/preparation in some religions
• Restrictions on interfaith/inter-caste marriages
• Marriage as a sacred vow/covenant before a divine witness
• Expectations of fidelity, progeny in some faiths
• 
  

Additional Characteristics:

• Prescribed gender roles/responsibilities in marriage
• Involvement of families/communities in the wedding
• Merging of two families through the union
• Joining of property/assets in some traditions
• 
  

Expanded Objective Definition:
The state of holy matrimony is a sacred, spiritually binding union between one man and one woman, formalized through religious rituals, ceremonies and sacred vows/covenants officiated by the religious institution's sanctioned authorities. It establishes a new familial kinship unit bound by the theological marital ethics, gender norms and domestic obligations prescribed by the religious faith's spiritual traditions and scriptural teachings.

This expanded definition aims to be more comprehensive by incorporating a wider range of perceptual facts, cultural universals, and religious principles surrounding the spiritual institution of marriage across various faiths.

However, it still cannot claim to be a truly universal definition, as the infinite variations in marriage rituals, gender roles, and spiritual interpretations of the union across cultures, sects and indigenous traditions makes a single canonical definition difficult.

To further expand on the objective definition of the "state of holy matrimony":

Additional Perceptual Roots:

• Religious/spiritual symbols and iconography used in ceremonies
• Traditional cuisines/feasts associated with weddings
• Gift-giving customs between families
• Pre and post-wedding rituals (henna, sendoff, etc.)
• 
  

Additional Axioms/Principles:

• Most cultures ascribe spiritual/cosmic significance to marriage
• Marriages often have economic/inheritance implications
• Sacredness associated with matrimonial sexual relations in some faiths
• Arranged marriages still practiced in certain societies
• 
  

More Intermediate Steps/Principles:

• Marital vows of fidelity, companionship, duty
• Spiritual rites for consummation and procreation
• Established gender hierarchies within the marital institution
• Societal integration and acceptance of the marital bond
• 
  

Additional Characteristics:

• Sacred space and time associated with wedding ceremonies
• Roles of spiritual mentors/guides in facilitating marriage
• Beliefs around divine blessings for matrimonial homes
• Religious laws governing marital matters like divorce
• 
  

Most Comprehensive Objective Definition:
The state of holy matrimony is a spiritually transcendent union between one man and one woman, originating from humanity's primordial sociocultural and religious roots. It involves sacred vows and covenants made before the divine and religious authorities, amidst sanctioned rituals, ceremonies and symbols imbued with cosmic spiritual significance. This matrimonial bond is solemnized and blessed to establish a new familial kinship unit governed by the theological principles, spiritual responsibilities, gender dynamics, domestic codes and sexual ethics prescribed by the faith's venerated traditions. The sanctified marital alliance holds profound spiritual, social, economic and legal implications within the religious and cultural fabric.

This tries to objectively encapsulate the core essence of the spiritual marital institution - its sacred nature, divine origins, ritualistic aspects, cultural underpinnings and wide-ranging cosmic implications - while allowing for diversity in how cultures and faiths have historically interpreted and manifested this primal concept.

However, it is still limited by being a broad generalization that cannot incorporate all the unique nuances, beliefs and customs around the spiritual notion of holy matrimony across the world's civilizations, societies and indigenous traditions over time.

Sherlock Holmes: personality/temperament profile

 

Sherlock Holmes' Personality and Temperament Analysis

Sherlock Holmes, the brilliant fictional detective created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is a fascinating character to analyze in terms of his personality and temperament. To evaluate him using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales, we’ll first consider his traits and characteristics, including his strengths, flaws, and potential psychological tendencies. Then, we’ll match these with the MMPI scales to determine where he would likely score high or low.

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Sherlock Holmes' Traits and Characteristics

Strengths and Positive Traits:

1. Intelligence: Holmes is a genius, excelling in deductive reasoning, critical thinking, and observation.
2. Focus and Attention to Detail: His ability to notice small, seemingly insignificant details is extraordinary.
3. Problem-Solving: He thrives in solving complex problems and puzzles.
4. Confidence: Holmes demonstrates unshakable confidence in his abilities.
5. Independence: He has a strong sense of autonomy and prefers working alone or with limited collaboration.

Flaws and Negative Traits:

1. Emotional Detachment: Holmes often appears cold and aloof, showing little empathy or connection with others.
2. Arrogance: His superior intellect sometimes leads to a dismissive or condescending attitude.
3. Substance Use: Holmes is known to use cocaine and morphine recreationally, which might indicate addictive tendencies or escapism.
4. Obsessiveness: He can become intensely fixated on cases, neglecting his physical health and other aspects of life.
5. Interpersonal Difficulties: Though he works with Watson, he struggles to form or maintain meaningful relationships.
6. Mood Swings: At times, Holmes exhibits signs of depression or mania, depending on whether he is engaged in a stimulating case.

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Summary of MMPI Scales

The MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) is a psychological test designed to measure a variety of emotional and psychological conditions. It includes the following scales:

Clinical Scales:

1. Hypochondriasis (Hs): Concerns about physical health.
2. Depression (D): General mood and satisfaction with life.
3. Hysteria (Hy): Emotional reactivity and avoidance of problems.
4. Psychopathic Deviate (Pd): Social deviance, impulsivity, and rule-breaking.
5. Masculinity-Femininity (Mf): Gender-role-related interests (not particularly relevant here).
6. Paranoia (Pa): Suspiciousness, distrust, and sensitivity to criticism.
7. Psychasthenia (Pt): Anxiety, obsessive thinking, and compulsivity.
8. Schizophrenia (Sc): Detachment from reality, odd thinking, and emotional dysfunction.
9. Hypomania (Ma): High energy, impulsivity, and grandiosity.
10. Social Introversion (Si): Shyness, social withdrawal, and introversion.

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Sherlock Holmes' Likely MMPI Profile

Based on Holmes' traits and behaviors, here is how he might score on each MMPI scale:

High Scores:

1. Psychasthenia (Pt): Holmes exhibits obsessive thinking and compulsive tendencies, especially in his fixation on cases. He is preoccupied with solving mysteries, often to the detriment of his physical and emotional well-being.
2. Paranoia (Pa): His suspicious and mistrusting nature, especially toward authority figures or those he deems less intelligent, would yield a high score. While not delusional, he is highly sensitive to perceived incompetence or criticism.
3. Hypomania (Ma): Holmes shows bursts of manic energy and grandiosity when engaged in a challenging case. He works tirelessly, often forgoing sleep and food, and displays a high level of excitement in the face of intellectual stimulation.
4. Schizophrenia (Sc): While not psychotic, Holmes' eccentric behavior, emotional detachment, and tendency to withdraw from societal norms could result in a moderate-to-high score here. His unique way of thinking may align with traits measured on this scale.
5. Social Introversion (Si): Holmes is highly introverted, preferring solitude or the company of a select few (e.g., Watson). He avoids social interactions beyond what is necessary for his work.

Moderate Scores:

1. Depression (D): Holmes exhibits depressive tendencies, particularly when he is not engaged in a stimulating case. His mood can fluctuate between lethargy and mania, suggesting a moderate score here.
2. Psychopathic Deviate (Pd): While Holmes bends rules and behaves unconventionally, he is not impulsive or antisocial in the traditional sense. His deviance is more intellectual than behavioral, resulting in a moderate score.

Low Scores:

1. Hypochondriasis (Hs): Holmes rarely complains about physical ailments, often ignoring his own health. He seems unconcerned with physical illness, yielding a low score here.
2. Hysteria (Hy): Holmes confronts problems directly with logic and reason, rather than avoiding them through emotional reactivity. This scale would likely score low.
3. Masculinity-Femininity (Mf): This is not particularly relevant to Holmes' character, though his interests and behaviors align with traditional masculinity.

Conclusion

Sherlock Holmes would score highest on Psychasthenia (Pt), Paranoia (Pa), and Hypomania (Ma) scales due to his obsessive, suspicious, and highly energetic tendencies. He would score lowest on Hypochondriasis (Hs) and Hysteria (Hy), as he shows little concern for physical ailments and avoids emotional reactivity.

In addition:

Jungian Archetypes

Sherlock Holmes embodies the "Detective" archetype, characterized by his insatiable curiosity, analytical mind, and relentless pursuit of truth. He also exhibits traits of the "Sage," given his vast knowledge and wisdom.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

• 4-Letter Type: INTJ (Introverted, Intuitive, Thinking, Judging)
• 2-Letter Type: NT (Intuitive-Thinking)
• 
  

Enneagram Types

Sherlock Holmes is most likely a Type 5, the Investigator, with a strong wing 6, the Loyalist. This combination reflects his deep need for knowledge and understanding, coupled with a cautious and strategic approach to problem-solving.

New Personality Self-Portrait Styles

• Conscientious: Holmes is meticulous and detail-oriented in his investigations.
• Self-Confident: He displays a high level of confidence in his deductive abilities.
• Dramatic: His flair for the dramatic is evident in his interactions and methods.
• Vigilant: He is highly observant and aware of his surroundings.
• Idiosyncratic: Holmes has unique and unconventional methods.
• Solitary: He often works alone and values his independence.
• Serious: His demeanor is often serious and focused on the task at hand.
• Socially Awkward: Holmes can be socially awkward, often displaying a lack of interest in social norms.
• 
  

Temperament Type (4-Temperament Theory)

Holmes is predominantly a blend of the Melancholic and Choleric temperaments. The Melancholic aspect reflects his analytical and detail-oriented nature, while the Choleric aspect shows his determination and leadership in solving cases.

Possible Personality Disorders

Holmes may exhibit traits associated with Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD), given his perfectionism, orderliness, and control over his environment.

Hierarchy of Basic Desires

1. Knowledge
2. Mastery
3. Independence
4. Truth
5. Achievement
6. 
   

Hierarchy of Basic Values

1. Logic
2. Precision
3. Justice
4. Integrity
5. Innovation
6. 
   

Hierarchy of Basic Ideals

1. Intellectual Excellence
2. Rationality
3. Empirical Evidence
4. Ethical Conduct
5. Personal Responsibility
6. 
   

Character Weaknesses or Flaws

• Arrogance: Holmes can be overly confident in his abilities.
• Emotional Detachment: He often struggles with emotional connections.
• Impulsiveness: At times, he may act on a hunch without full consideration.
• 
  

Possible Neurotic Defense Mechanisms

• Repression: Holmes may repress emotions to maintain his logical demeanor.
• Rationalization: He often justifies his unconventional methods.
• Sublimation: He channels his intense focus into solving crimes.
• Reaction Formation: He may display indifference to mask deeper feelings.
• 
  

Possible Trance States

Holmes may enter a trance-like state of intense concentration when solving complex problems, often losing awareness of his surroundings.

Big Five Personality Dimensions

1. Openness: High (Innovative and curious)
2. Conscientiousness: High (Organized and diligent)
3. Extraversion: Low (Introverted and reserved)
4. Agreeableness: Low (Aloof and skeptical)
5. Neuroticism: Low (Calm and emotionally stable)
6. 
   

Main NLP Meta-Programs

• Toward: Focused on achieving goals and solving problems.
• Internal Frame of Reference: Relies on his own judgment and intuition.
• Options: Prefers flexibility and multiple approaches to problem-solving.
• Proactive: Takes initiative and leads investigations.
• Specific: Pays attention to details and specifics in cases.
• 
  

what personality/temperament type would be a good relationship match for him and what would be a bad match?

Good and Bad Relationship Matches for Sherlock Holmes

Good Relationship Match

A good relationship match for Sherlock Holmes would be someone who complements his intense intellectual and analytical nature while providing emotional balance and social ease. Here are some specific traits and types that would be a good match:

1. Myers-Briggs Type: INFJ (Introverted, Intuitive, Feeling, Judging)

   • Intuitive (N): An INFJ would share Holmes' intuitive approach to understanding the world, making them intellectually compatible.
   • Feeling (F): The feeling aspect would provide the emotional depth and empathy that Holmes often lacks, helping to balance his logical and sometimes detached demeanor.
   • Judging (J): Both being Judging types would mean they appreciate structure and order, which is important for Holmes' meticulous nature.

2. Enneagram Type: Type 2 (The Helper)

   • A Type 2 would bring warmth, care, and emotional support to the relationship, which Holmes might find grounding and comforting.

3. New Personality Self-Portrait Styles:

   • Self-Sacrificing: Someone who is self-sacrificing would be patient and understanding of Holmes' demanding work and peculiar habits.
   • Sensitive: A sensitive partner would be attuned to Holmes' needs and moods, providing emotional support without overwhelming him.
   • 
     

4. Temperament Type: Phlegmatic

• A Phlegmatic temperament would offer a calming and stabilizing influence, helping to temper Holmes' intense and sometimes erratic behavior.

Bad Relationship Match

A bad relationship match for Sherlock Holmes would be someone who clashes with his need for intellectual stimulation, independence, and logical approach to life. Here are some specific traits and types that would likely be a poor match:

1. Myers-Briggs Type: ESFP (Extraverted, Sensing, Feeling, Perceiving)

   • Extraverted (E): An ESFP's need for social interaction and external stimulation might overwhelm Holmes, who values solitude and quiet.
   • Sensing (S): A focus on concrete details and the present moment might clash with Holmes' abstract thinking and future-oriented mindset.
   • Feeling (F): While feeling types can provide emotional balance, an ESFP's emotional expressiveness might be too much for Holmes' more reserved nature.
   • Perceiving (P): The spontaneous and flexible nature of a Perceiving type might conflict with Holmes' need for structure and order.

2. Enneagram Type: Type 7 (The Enthusiast)

   • A Type 7's desire for constant excitement and variety might be at odds with Holmes' focused and often solitary pursuits.

3. New Personality Self-Portrait Styles:

   • Dramatic: While Holmes has a flair for the dramatic in his work, a partner who is overly dramatic in personal life might create unnecessary tension and distraction.
   • Leisurely: Someone who is leisurely and laid-back might frustrate Holmes, who is driven and constantly engaged in his work.

4. Temperament Type: Sanguine

   • A Sanguine temperament, characterized by sociability, enthusiasm, and a carefree attitude, might clash with Holmes' serious and methodical nature.
   • 
     

In summary, a good match for Sherlock Holmes would be someone who can provide emotional support and stability while appreciating his intellectual pursuits and need for independence. Conversely, a bad match would be someone whose need for social interaction, spontaneity, and emotional expressiveness clashes with Holmes' introverted, structured, and logical nature. 

what famous person would be a good match and a bad match

Good and Bad Famous Relationship Matches for Sherlock Holmes

Good Match: Marie Curie

Marie Curie would be an excellent match for Sherlock Holmes based on their shared intellectual pursuits and complementary personality traits.

1. Intellectual Compatibility:

   • Both Holmes and Curie are driven by a relentless pursuit of knowledge and discovery. Curie's groundbreaking work in radioactivity and Holmes' detective work both require a high level of analytical thinking and dedication.

2. Temperament:

   • Curie, like Holmes, was known for her meticulous and methodical approach to her work. This shared conscientiousness would create a strong foundation of mutual respect and understanding.

3. Emotional Balance:

   • While Curie was deeply passionate about her work, she also demonstrated emotional resilience and strength, which could provide the emotional balance Holmes often lacks.

4. Introversion:

   • Both being introverted, they would likely appreciate each other's need for solitude and focused work time, reducing potential conflicts over social activities.
   • 
     

Bad Match: Marilyn Monroe

Marilyn Monroe would likely be a poor match for Sherlock Holmes due to significant differences in their personalities and lifestyles.

1. Social Needs:

   • Monroe was an extroverted and highly social individual, thriving in environments filled with people and attention. This would clash with Holmes' introverted nature and preference for solitude.

2. Emotional Expressiveness:

   • Monroe's emotional expressiveness and need for emotional connection might overwhelm Holmes, who tends to be emotionally detached and reserved [6].

3. Lifestyle Differences:

   • Monroe's glamorous and public lifestyle would be at odds with Holmes' more private and focused existence. The constant attention and social demands could create tension and discomfort for Holmes.

4. Spontaneity vs. Structure:

   • Monroe's spontaneous and carefree attitude might conflict with Holmes' need for structure and order in his life and work, leading to potential misunderstandings and frustrations.

In summary, Marie Curie would be a good match for Sherlock Holmes due to their shared intellectual pursuits, complementary temperaments, and mutual respect for each other's need for solitude and focus. On the other hand, Marilyn Monroe would be a poor match due to their contrasting social needs, emotional expressiveness, and lifestyle differences.

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